Assessment and process of medical education

Assessment and process of medical education Assessment plays an important role in the process of medical education as it is an effective tool which detect quality in students training to motivate and direct them to what they must learn(1). â€Å"Assessment drives learning† this statement focus on the essential role of assessment as well planned and implemented assessment has an important steering effect on learning because it transfers what is important to learn and motivate students for learning(2). Many people argued that as the curriculum should be the key which motivate learning while assessment should be designed to be sure that learning outcomes have occurred, So assessment tool must has clarity of the learning purpose and must be designed to drive educational intent and maximize learning(3). Constructive alignment is an important influential idea in which the students construct meaning from related learning activities and teachers apply learning environment which support planned learning activities to achieve th e intended learning outcomes(4). So constructive alignment makes the teaching systems consistent when curriculum, learning activities and assessment methods are aligned with intended learning outcomes(5) . Moreover, assessment may reveal learning outcome which isn’t expected but it is recognized as important outcome, so it must be integrated into the intended learning outcome as emergent outcome(6). Formative assessment promotes deeper learning as it provides students with feedback to encourage them to know their strength and weakness which reinforce students internal motivation to learn and improve their knowledge and skills(7). Summative assessment is a final assessment which determine the rank-order students and decide grades(1). Wass et al(7) argued superficial learning which aim mainly on passing the examination and they emphasized on the importance of feedback on students assessment which encourage student reflection and deep learning. However, Epstein(8) showed that su mmative assessment influence learning even in the absence of feedback as students study what they expect to be tested on. Although formative and summative assessment are stark in contrast, they are both necessary and distinction between them should be made to detect which assessment is suitable only for formative use or have sufficient rigorous for summative use(7). Van der Vleuten and Schuwirth(9) emphasized that formative and summative assessment can be used with little difference with focusing on the development of comprehensive assessment programme in which both encourage learning and right decision about learners. I will focus my writing on written assessment as I am involved in assessing written examination of MSc of Radiology scince 5 years. According to Miller pyramid we use written assessment to assess the domain of cognition, either factual recall of knowledge â€Å"knows† or application of knowledge and problem solving â€Å"knows how†. We use written assess ment in the form of essays and multiple choice questions in formative assessment of the residents and in summative assessment of final exam. Our final written exam formed of two papers of essays, each one formed of four essay questions with three hours duration for each, and third paper of 20 multiple choice questions with one hour duration. When we prepare a written exam we identify the level of residents training to apply test which assess knowledge appropriate to students experience.

The Law of Contract Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Law of Contract - Coursework Example The rule takes into account parol evidence in addition to other evidence as regards to a contract. Contractual capacity is the ability to understand and reason. What is the difference between someone who is crazy versus someone who has been previously declared insane by a judge? How does this affect the contract? Someone who is crazy is simply one who behaves weirdly, while someone who has been previously declared insane by a judge is one who does not have the mental capacity to make a reasonable decision on his/her own. This means that crazy persons can be capable of making reasonable decisions on their own, or they may not be capable depending on the magnitude and source of their crazy behavior. If a judge declares a person as insane, then it is assumed that such person does not have the capacity to comprehend their acts, therefore, any contract that is made by such person after being declared insane is not enforceable. Consideration is one of the requirements of an enforceable contract. Therefore, a simple contract must be supported by a consideration otherwise it is not enforceable as a contract. In other words, consideration is the negotiation aspect of a contract. It can be defined as â€Å"an act or promise offered by the one party and accepted by the other party as a price for that others promise.† (Collins 252). The following are examples of considerations: i. UCC  § 2-204(4): this section acknowledges the legal impact of the contract created through electronic instruments. It originates from means such as the communication between an individual and an electronic instrument or through the communication of electronic instruments of the involved parties.

Coretta Scott King Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Coretta Scott King - Essay Example Discussion Coretta Scott King had worked most of her life for equal rights and peace among the mass. During the time when she was born, African Americans did not have the equivalent rights as other people had. The Scott family was also treated badly because they were African Americans3. The basic identity of Coretta Scott King had been shaped due to racism that she had to encounter in Alabama, in her formative years. She was by then a political activist before her marriage4. She had become a fervent follower of the left-wing Progressive Party, while breaching racial barriers at Antioch College as an undergraduate. Coretta Scott King was attracted to her future husband’s idealism after coming in the New England Conservatory, located in Boston in order to study music. Martin Luther’s rejection of the notion of â€Å"making all the money you can and ignoring people’s needs† had reinforced her own views. They married in the year 1953 and had moved to Alabama, where Dr. King became preacher of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. All through the 1950s and 1960s, she escorted her husband in his campaign for civil rights5. Coretta King emerged as a public figure primarily after the assassination of her husband. She sought opportunities to express her irrepressible idealism. Coretta Scott King joined ‘Women’s Strike for Peace to the Disarmament Conference’ held in Switzerland, Geneva, during the early 1960s expressing her opposition to the Vietnam War several years before her husband was willing to take a public anti-war stand. Similar to her husband, she too viewed the civil rights struggle in the broader context of anti-colonial movements in Asia and Africa, in the United States. She along with her husband attended the independence ceremony of Ghana, i.e. Africa’s first black-ruled nation in the year of 1957. In 1959, the Kings travelled to India, where she sang spiritual songs at events in which her husband spoke. After the family moved to Atlanta in the year 1960, she appealed to John F. Kennedy thereby helping to achieve her husband’s discharge from a Georgia reformatory. Furthermore, in 1964, she attended the ceremony in Norway, Oslo for which Dr. King had received Nobel Peace Prize. During mid - 1960s, Coretta King’s association in the civil rights movement had augmented because she took part in ‘freedom concerts’ that encompassed singing, poetry recitation and lectures representing the record of the civil rights movement. The proceeds received were bequeathed to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Before 1968, she also maintained speaking about the commitments that her husband could not accomplish6. Coretta, being the founding president of the King Center, not only campaigned assiduously to establish the national King Holiday but also revealed her magnanimous vision of universal peace as well as social righteousness. She had dynamically propagated her husband’s philosophy of nonviolence after his assassination7. She strongly assumed that death penalty continues the cycle of brutality and shatters all anticipations for a descent civilization. Few days after her husband’s assassination, in Memphis, she led a march on behalf of her husband for sanitation workers. In addition, she also launched the

A Semester of Work :: What I Learned From Work

The fall of my nineteenth year promised to be a long one. For the first time in thirteen years I found myself out of school. I was employed at the same mind numbing job that I had held for the last three years. While most of my friends were back in school after their summer break, I was back at home after a year of living in a college dorm. The transition was not an easy one for me, and I looked upon my semester off with little optimism. The previous fall was one of much more hope and excitement. At the age of eighteen, I was ready for college. I chose to attend State University, not far from my home, but still far removed from my former life, as I was moving away from my parents and into a dorm. I was to attend State with two of my closest friends from high school, and live with one of them. My major was undecided, so I planned on taking the general education requirements. I was quite unsure of what college held for me, but was eager to find out. It was not long before I discovered that, for me, college held boredom and feelings of uselessness. While I enjoyed some of my professors and courses, I treated college just as I had treated high school. The game plan was to show up, do just enough work to "earn" an A, and leave without gaining any pesky knowledge. Just like in high school, I executed this plan brilliantly, and found myself with a high grade point average and an even higher level of ignorance. Eventually, this method began to wear on me. As I was accomplishing nothing, feelings of guilt began to arise for the amount of money my parents were pumping into my education. Damned by a sense of self awareness, I realized that I was little more than a spoiled brat with time to waste. I finally began to look to the future and question where my life should lead. However, as I remained unsure of what direction I wanted to take, I became more frustrated than ever before. My solution? Run away from my problems. This brilliant idea initially manifested itself in a plan to travel the country for a semester. A Semester of Work :: What I Learned From Work The fall of my nineteenth year promised to be a long one. For the first time in thirteen years I found myself out of school. I was employed at the same mind numbing job that I had held for the last three years. While most of my friends were back in school after their summer break, I was back at home after a year of living in a college dorm. The transition was not an easy one for me, and I looked upon my semester off with little optimism. The previous fall was one of much more hope and excitement. At the age of eighteen, I was ready for college. I chose to attend State University, not far from my home, but still far removed from my former life, as I was moving away from my parents and into a dorm. I was to attend State with two of my closest friends from high school, and live with one of them. My major was undecided, so I planned on taking the general education requirements. I was quite unsure of what college held for me, but was eager to find out. It was not long before I discovered that, for me, college held boredom and feelings of uselessness. While I enjoyed some of my professors and courses, I treated college just as I had treated high school. The game plan was to show up, do just enough work to "earn" an A, and leave without gaining any pesky knowledge. Just like in high school, I executed this plan brilliantly, and found myself with a high grade point average and an even higher level of ignorance. Eventually, this method began to wear on me. As I was accomplishing nothing, feelings of guilt began to arise for the amount of money my parents were pumping into my education. Damned by a sense of self awareness, I realized that I was little more than a spoiled brat with time to waste. I finally began to look to the future and question where my life should lead. However, as I remained unsure of what direction I wanted to take, I became more frustrated than ever before. My solution? Run away from my problems. This brilliant idea initially manifested itself in a plan to travel the country for a semester.

Stadium Contracts

Need to talk about criteria/ funding where the money came from The Wembley stadium was built using a Design and build Procurement strategy. A Design and build strategy is where a single contractor is responsible for both the design and construction of the stadium. The client must specify the type of building they require and the contractor proposes the best design to meet this, this information was found at the web address Building. co. uk. A design and build project allows the low risk factor as for the client has the contractor takes on the risk by offering a fixed cost contract.The web address designbuild-network. com states the original provision for a building cost was around ? 352m, with total project costs of ? 757m. A fixed price contract protects the client from any expiring costs, for example if the construction of the stadium was to have any over runs or delays. The main contractor building Wembley stadium was Multiplex (UK) Ltd and Cyril Sweett acted as independent consul tants to Wembley National Stadium Limited (WNSL). In April 2002 the client was advised by Cyril Sweet the Multiplex contract was representing value for money this was stated on web address designbuild-network. om. Although Multiplex was the main contractor the project was project managed by Symonds. From the outset of this project was focused on risk transfer, the WNSL passed on all the risk to Multiplex and Multiplex passed on the risk to Symonds. Although the procurement method between the WNSL and Multiplex was Design and build, the procurement strategy for Multiplex and their sub-contractors was solely focused on risk transfer and not the needs of the project. a discussion on the criteria which would have been used to select the procurement strategy / building contract.The project priorities was The management capability The extent of risk that WNSL were prepared to accept was http://www. building. co. uk/data/procurement-construction-management/3072705. article the http://www. designbuild-network. com/projects/wembley/ Terminal 5 The terminal 5 project procurement route was a single contract called the T5 agreement. The decision was made by BAA that rather than passing the risk on to the vast amount of contractors involved in the project, BAA would take on all the risk. The webs address christianwolmar. o. uk states Mathew Riley, the company’s commercial director for Terminal 5, realised the financial consequences of risk being passed to contractors was the reason many recent construction projects had failed. BAA realised that projects such as the Jubilee Line Extension, the Scottish Parliament and the Millennium Dome had not really worked because ultimately the risk would always fall back on itself. Also many recent projects where the risk was attempted to be passed resulted in massive legal claims and counterclaims.Terminal 5 was a large infrastructure project involving over 60 contractors, 16 major projects and 147 sub-projects on a 260ha site. With such a project BAA realised that if the projects were to be built on time and within budget that a unique approach would be required. This information was found at web address www. airport-technology. com As a result of not wanting to pass on the risk, the sheer size of the project and the amount of contactors needed to be involved. The T5 agreement was a legally binding contract between BAA and its contractors. This agreement llowed the contractors to concentrate on the project and solving problems rather than worrying about time delays and risk. Web address the times online explains the new Terminal Five at Heathrow is the current benchmark for construction best practice. The recipe is simple. A client that takes a level of ownership of project (in this case he created a challenging vision for how it wanted the project delivered); a procurement approach that offers incentives to all, for improvements in cost, or time or quality and; and a proven construction and design team w ho work in a collaborative and innovative way. ttp://www. christianwolmar. co. uk/2005/04/project-management-at-heathrow-terminal-5/ http://www. airport-technology. com/projects/heathrow5/ http://www. timesonline. co. uk/tol/comment/article700388. ece http://www. christianwolmar. co. uk/2005/04/project-management-at-heathrow-terminal-5/ Scottish Parliament Provide general background information on each project. cover the roles and responsibilities of the Client, Design Team and Contractor involved. The first Scottish parliament building was created in September 1997 after a referendum in which people of Scotland voted by almost three to one.The client, the Scottish government decided on building a complex building from a mixture of steel, oak, and granite. The procurement route chosen by the Scottish government was construction management. The web address www. parliament. uk explains the procurement route chosen was to turn out to be the most significant decisions during the project , and also states Construction management offers the advantage of speed but with the disadvantage of price uncertainty until the last has been leased.Construction management was chosen not only for allowing the project to be started quickly and the reduction in overall construction. But the procurement route allows for change in design during the project and problems are generally solved rather than passed around the separate contractors. Choosing construction management as a procurement strategy means the client is responsible for leading the project and must take liability for any risks or mistakes.The Scottish government would have to hire designers to design the building, then the design could have been put out to tender. The advantage of construction management is that all tenders are based on the same design and can be compared easily. The web address www. ehow. com explains the client then has a trade contractor then adds details to this plan and finalizes it with the client. After this, the client typically hires a construction manager to oversee the process and manage workers.Though the construction manager takes a strong, second-hand position the client is the person that is ultimately in charge. This allows a less experienced client to have control of the build with construction advise from the construction manager. a discussion on the criteria which would have been used to select the procurement strategy / building contract.http://www. ehow. com/about_6635095_construction-management-procurement_. html

Social Problems With Age And Inequality - 1993 Words

There are many different Social Problem issues that we have covered so far in class. However, there is one that has stuck out to me the most. Many people tend to not think about Age and Inequality as an issue when it comes to older people. Yet, the truth is, this is a major social problem in our society. There is not straight cut answer to what this discrimination and abuse looks like, because it takes on so many different forms. Older People are often discriminated against in the work place, in their families and at their own care facilities. The damages, emotionally and physically, are more often than not irreversible. In the text book, Social Problems by John J. Macionis, the reader learns what exactly Age and Inequality is. Growing older is hard for some people to handle. Older people are more likely to experience social isolations because of the loss of people who are passing away around them. These people also start being victimized because many of the younger people believe th ey are out of touch with what is changing in society around them. As said before, not many people understand what this problem all entitles, because there are many different types of ageism’s, inequalities, discriminations and abuse that could happen. Other ways of being discriminated against would be being encouraged or forced to retire at a certain age. Another type of discrimination would be an older person having finical fraud committed against them. Furthermore, one of the most common waysShow MoreRelatedCumulative Inequality Theory And Social Science1166 Words   |  5 PagesFerraro et al. (2009) developed cumulative inequality theory by integrating various theories in a systematic way incorporating elements of both macro and micro sociological content. 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What to Add to Christmas Tree Water

Now that youve done the difficult work of selecting a fresh Christmas tree and delivering it to your home you need to keep your tree looking healthy through the holidays. You will need to give it plenty of water. As for treating that water, though, most experts say there is no reason to add anything—plain tap water will do. What the Experts Say While many additives are available for Christmas tree water, most experts—including the National Christmas Tree Association (NCTA)—say there is no reason to use them. In the words of Dr. Gary Chastagner of Washington State University: Your best bet is just plain tap water added to the Christmas tree stand. It doesnt have to be distilled water or mineral water or anything like that. So the next time someone tells you to add ketchup or something more bizarre to your Christmas tree stand, dont believe it. Still, other scientists say some additives increase both fire resistance and needle retention. One such additive—Plantabbs Prolong Tree Preservative—claims to increase water absorption and prevent drying. Another product—Miracle-Gro for Christmas Trees —claims to deliver important nutrients and reduce bacterial growth. If youre worried about your tree being a fire risk, you may want to give one of these products a shot. Just remember that they are no substitute for adequate watering. Proper Watering The best way to keep your tree fresh is to make sure it gets plenty of moisture. This starts with using a tree stand with an adequate water capacity. The ideal stand is one that holds a quart of water for each inch of the stem diameter. That means that if your tree trunk has an 8-inch diameter, youll want a stand that holds at least 2 gallons of water. If the stand is too small, your tree will soak up the water more quickly than you can likely replenish it, leaving your tree dried out. Make sure, as well, to use a tree stand that is large enough to accommodate the trunk of your tree without having to trim down the sides. If your tree is more than a day old you may want to saw a one-inch cookie off the trees trunk bottom. Even a small sliver shaved off the trunk will help. This freshens the trunk and allows water to be quickly taken up to the needles for continued freshness. Make sure to cut in a straight line perpendicular to the trunk, as an uneven slice can make it more difficult for the tree to absorb water. Even if you dont plan to decorate your tree as soon as you take it home, put it in a bucket of water to keep it fresh. Place your tree in a cool, dry place away from fireplaces, radiators, and other heat sources. Too much heat will cause the tree to quickly lose moisture and dry out. Check the level of the water each day to make sure it stays above the base of the trunk. Make sure to check the needles as well. If they seem dry and brittle, the tree has dried out and may be a fire hazard. If this happens it should be taken outside and thrown away.